The role of commonly used veterinary drugs in pig farms

Reasonable compatibility of antibacterial drugs can achieve synergy or additive effect, which can enhance the efficacy; improper compatibility can occur antagonism, so that the interaction between drugs offset, the efficacy of decline, and even cause toxic side effects. The combined use of antimicrobial drugs should master the indications, pay attention to the pertinence of each variety, strive for synergy and avoid antagonism. Now the compatibility of commonly used types of drugs are as follows:
1. B- lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins)
B- lactams and B- lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid (clavulanic acid), sulbactam and tazobactam have good inhibitory enzyme protection and synergistic effect (B-lactamase inhibitors combine with B- lactamase to weaken the damage to B- lactams). Such as clavulanic acid, sulbactam is often combined with ampicillin or amoxicillin to form a compound preparation for veterinary clinical, treatment of livestock and poultry digestive tract, respiratory tract or urinary tract infections. The combination of penicillins and probenecid has a synergistic effect (probenecid and penicillin compete for glomerular secretion and inhibit penicillin excretion, resulting in an increase in penicillin plasma concentrations). Penicillins and aminoglycosides have synergistic effects. Penicillin destroys the cell wall of bacteria and is conducive to the entry of aminoglycosides into bacteria to play a role), but the dose should be basically balanced. Large doses of penicillin G or other semi-synthetic penicillins can reduce the activity of aminoglycosides. The combination of penicillin G, oxacillin and TMP has a good synergistic effect. Penicillins can not be combined with tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, sulfonamides and other antibacterial drugs (penicillins are fast acting fungicides, tetracyclines are bacteriostatic agents, which interfere with the role of penicillins). The exception is the treatment of meningitis, because penicillin is not easy to pass through the blood-brain barrier, and should be used in combination with penicillin and sulfadiazine, but to be injected separately, otherwise there will be physical and chemical incompatibility. Chloramphenicol is also useful for the treatment of meningitis in combination with large doses of penicillin. The order of administration is penicillin first, chloramphenicol after 2-3 hours. Penicillins and vitamin C, sodium bicarbonate, etc. can not be used at the same time (physical and chemical compatibility taboo).
2. Base glycosides (streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, gentamicin, neomycin, kanamycin, amikacin, spectinomycin, apramycin, etc.)
The compatible application of amino glycosides and B- lactams has a good synergistic effect. TMP can enhance the effect of this product, such as amikacin and TPM combined with a variety of gram-positive bacteria effective. Aminoglycosides can be combined with polymyxins (blocking different links of protein synthesis), but not with chloramphenicol (aminoglycosides mainly decompose the nuclear protein polymer of bacteria, while chloramphenicol not only stabilizes the polymer but also prevents aminoglycosides from entering the bacteria to act, thus antagonizing the bactericidal efficacy of amino groups). Amino-type similar drugs can not be used in combination to avoid enhancing toxicity, and its antibacterial efficacy may be enhanced in combination with alkaline drugs, but the toxicity will also increase. The combination of streptomycin and tetracycline can enhance the therapeutic effect on Brucella; the combination of streptomycin and erythromycin has a good effect on Streptococcus suis; the combination of streptomycin and vancomycin (for enterococcus) or isoniazid (for Mycobacterium tuberculosis) has a synergistic effect. Gentamicin (or kanamycin) can be combined with quinolones. The compatible application of streptomycin and sulfonamides can cause water failure. Neomycin sulfate is generally administered orally, and DVD compatibility is better than TMP, and atropine compatibility is used in piglet diarrhea.
3. Cyclin (oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, tetracycline, minocycline, methoxytetracycline, doxycycline, etc.)
Tetracycline drugs and this product similar drugs and non-similar drugs such as Tay Mu bacteria (Tay Miao Ling), tylosin compatibility for gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract infections have synergistic effect, can reduce the use of concentration, shorten the treatment time. TMP and DVD have obvious synergistic effect on this product. A proper amount of sodium sulfate (1:1) is administered simultaneously with this product, which is conducive to the absorption of this product. Alkaline substances such as A1 (OH) 3, NaHCO3, aminophylline and metal ions containing calcium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, iron and the like (including traditional Chinese medicines containing such ions) can complex with tetracycline drugs to prevent tetracycline absorption, full-price feed containing divalent ions is not conducive to the absorption of this product. The combination of tetracyclines and chloramphenicol has a good synergistic effect (blocking different links of protein synthesis). Oxytetracycline can not be combined with olaquindox and northern rimycin.
4. Cyclic lactones (erythromycin, roxithromycin, zhuanamycin, tylosin, tilmicosin, spiramycin, northern rimycin, etc.)
The combination of erythromycin with sulfamethazine, sulfadiazine, sulfamine and TMP can be used to treat respiratory diseases. Erythromycin can be combined with tylosin or streptomycin to obtain a synergistic effect. Morningmycin is often combined with streptomycin and chloramphenicol. Tylosin can be used in combination with sulfonamides, and zhenomycin can be used in combination with tetracyclines. NaHCO3 can increase the absorption of this product, erythromycin should not be combined with B- lactams, lincomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline.
5. Chloramphenicol (chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, florthiamphenicol)
Chloramphenicol and tetracyclines (tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline) have synergistic effects (different links that hinder protein synthesis) on respiratory diseases with co-infection, and have antagonistic effects on lincomycin, erythromycin, streptomycin, penicillins, and fluoroquinolones. Chloramphenicol can not be used with sulfonamides, NaHCO3, aminophylline, artificial salt and other alkaline drugs.
6. Fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin, pefloxacin, lomefloxacin, difloxacin, sarafloxacin, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, danofloxacin, marbofloxacin, etc.)
Fluoroquinolones have synergistic effects with bactericidal antibiotics (penicillins, aminoglycosides) and TMP in the treatment of specific bacterial infections. For example, ciprofloxacin and ampicillin have additive effects on Staphylococcus aureus, but have no effect on Escherichia coli, Salmonella pullorum and Pasteurella multocida. Ciprofloxacin TMP has synergistic effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Avian E. coli 02 and Salmonella pullorum pullorum, it has an additive effect on porcine Escherichia coli, avian Escherichia coli 078 and Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Fluoroquinolones have antagonistic effects with rifampicin, chloramphenicol, macrolides (such as erythromycin), and nitrofurans. Fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines can be used in combination. For example, the compound preparation of norfloxacin and doxycycline can effectively prevent and treat mixed infections including respiratory diseases. Fluoroquinolone lincomycin can be used to treat severe ovarian tubitis, salpingitis and ovarian peritonitis caused by mycoplasma fowl combined with E. coli infection or other causes of respiratory disease secondary to intestinal infection. Fluoroquinolones can also be used in combination with sulfonamides, such as ciprofloxacin and sulfamethazine, which have additive effects on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Use fluoroquinolones with caution in combination with aminophylline and farmarin. Aluminum, magnesium antacids and metal ions have an effect on the absorption of fluoroquinolones, and feeding complete feed during administration can interfere with the absorption of this product.
7. Sulfonamides
There is a definite synergistic effect of sulfonamides in combination with antibacterial potentiators (TMP or DVD). In addition to TMP and DVD, there are also Omeprin (OMP, dimethoxymethyl benzidine), Adiprin (ADP) and Baquin (BQP). The compound preparations are SM2 BQP (for cattle and pigs) and SDM BQP (for dogs). Alkaline electrolyte can reduce the toxicity of this product to the kidney, sulfonamides and polymyxin can enhance the antibacterial effect of Proteus, SMZ TMP polymyxin is effective against various gram-positive bacilli. Concomitant use of sulfonamides with penicillins should be avoided because they may interfere with the bactericidal effects of penicillins. Liquid sulfonamides should not be combined with acidic drugs such as vitamin C, ephedrine hydrochloride, tetracycline, penicillin, etc., otherwise precipitation will be precipitated; solid sulfonamides combined with calcium chloride and ammonium chloride will increase the toxicity of urinary system.
8. Lincosamides (lincomycin, clindamycin)
Lincomycin can be used in combination with tetracycline or norfloxacin in the treatment of coinfection, and lincomycin can be used in combination with spectinomycin (rigothromycin) in the treatment of chronic respiratory disease in chickens. Effective supply of oral rehydration salts and vitamins can reduce the side effects of this product and improve the efficacy. In addition, lincomycin can be combined with neomycin (for mastitis) and enrofloxacin.
9. Bacitracin Zinc
Zinc bacitracin can be combined with colistin (polymyxin E), polymyxin B, streptomycin and neomycin. Bacitracin zinc is forbidden to cooperate with oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, northern rimycin, enramycin, olaquindox, etc.
10. Rifamycin (Rifampicin)
Rifampicin can be combined with amphotericin B, streptomycin, isoniazid, and other anti-gram-positive drugs such as vancomycin, macrolides, and B- lactams.